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Politics of Sectionalism: Road to the Civil War

1. Sides/ Leaders/ Debate over slavery
. The North
- The United States of America
-The Union
- Abraham Lincoln and his battle against slavery, mostly republicans
_ Did not want Slavery to expand into the northern states, and newly forming states
. The South
- The Confederate States of America
- wanted slavery
_ Jefferson Davis who created the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions

2. Supreme Court ruling regarding Prigg v. Pennsylvania
. was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that Federal law is superior to State law, and overturned the conviction of Edward Prigg as a result.
. In June 1788, the Constitution of the United States came into force, having been ratified by nine states (see History of the United States Constitution). Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution contained two statements about the legality of fleeing justice, creditors, owners, or other agencies, across state borders:
A person charged in any state with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.
No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

3. Compromise of 1850
. a series of laws that attempted to resolve the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846–48)
. The five laws balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states. California was admitted as a free state
. Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico
. the territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and Utah) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery
. the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was abolished in Washington, D.C.; and the stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves regardless of the legality of slavery in the specific states.

4. Negate the compromise of 1820
. The Kansas-Nebraska act purpose completely negated the balance created by the Compromise of 1820. This act created the Kansas and Nebraska Territory, and in these territories, they gave the settlers the power to decide whether they would be slave or free, even though the territory had been defined as slave throughout the Compromise of 1820. This imbalance in the amount of area free and the amount of area slave in the country, caused a further division of the U.S. making it almost a certain thing, that there would be a civil war.

5. Fugitive Slave Act
. was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slaveholding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'.
. was a Federal law which enforced a section of the United States Constitution that required the return of runaway slaves
. sought to force the authorities in free states to return fugitive slaves to their masters. In practice, however, the law was rarely enforced because the northern states were against slavery.

6. Young Politicians
. believed that America's future depended on the unbounded labor of free men whose rights were protected by a government devoted to liberty.

7. Harriet Beecher Stowe
.an American abolitionist and novelist, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) attacked the cruelty of slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential, even in Britain
. It made the political issues of the 1850's regarding slavery tangible to millions, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North
. It angered and embittered the South, especially since she had never been there
. The impact is summed up in a commonly quoted statement apocryphally attributed to Abraham Lincoln. When he met Stowe, it is claimed that he said, "So you're the little woman started this great war!"
. the seventh child of Protestant preacher
. Harriet worked as a teacher with her older sister Catharine: her earliest publication was a geography for children, issued under her sister's name in 1833. In 1836,
. new england family produced many prominent ministers

8. Stowe's book- reaction
. in 9 months the book sold over 300 thousand copies and by mid 1853 over a million.
. it alarmed anxious southern whites
. in politics and now in popular literture they saw threats to their way of life
. they became fearful that if nearby areas became free soil that they would be used as bases from which to spread abolitionsim into slave states
. a moral condemnation of slaveholding anywhere meant the same thing everywhere

9. Underground Railroad- slave resistance
. a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person
. An organized system to assist runaway slaves seems to have begun towards the end of the 18th century.
. The system even used terms used in railroading: the homes and businesses where fugitives would rest and eat were called "stations" and "depots" and were run by "stationmasters," those who contributed money or goods were "stockholders," and the "conductor" was responsible for moving fugitives from one station to the next.
. it consisted of many individuals -- many whites but predominently black -- who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year -- according to one estimate, the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850.
. a rebellion, slaves ran away to the north to escape the plantations of their owners

10. Presidential election of 1852
-Whig candidates
Millard Fillmore, President of the United States from New York
Winfield Scott, Commanding General of the U.S. Army from Virginia
Daniel Webster, U.S. senator and candidate for the 1848 nomination from Massachusetts
_ Democratic candidates
James Buchanan, former Secretary of State from Pennsylvania
Lewis Cass, former Secretary of State and 1848 presidential nominee
Stephen A. Douglas, U.S. senator from Illinois
Joseph Lane, U.S. delegate from Oregon
William L. Marcy, former Secretary of State from New York
Franklin Pierce, former U.S. senator from New Hampshire

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